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The speed limit is 250 kts or less below
10,000 feet.
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3 to 1 rule: For use with Jet
aircraft. Start your descent at a distance 3 times that of your cruise
altitude for a straight in approach. Also use to determine if you are
descending at a proper rate. I.E. > @ 15000 feet, you should be
about 45nm out...etc. Adjust for traffic pattern / STAR /
Wind etc.
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Touchdown aim point on the runway is 1000
feet from approach end.
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Come out of reverse thrust at or before 40
kts.
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Max turn on to final for a straight - in
approach is 30 degrees.
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Most OM are about 5nm from the end of the
ILS runway they serve...thus, if NO approach information other than ILS freg.,
then use 1600 feet above airport elevation for Glide slope intercept
altitude.
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Most Part 121 passenger carrying Turbo Prop
aircraft have a MAX altitude of FL250...due to oxygen requirements.
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Most Glide slopes are 3 degrees. To
judge your rate of descent, use your Airspeed x half x 10 : I.E.>@
200 kts your rate should be 1000fpm. (200 X half = 100 X 10 = 1000) to
remain on the GS.
1 degree @ 60 nm from station = 1nm width
for each degree: thus figure your turn-on lead: At 30 nm out = ½ nm
for each degree; @ 15nm out = ¼ nm for each degree. Thus> IF turn
on is 30 nm out and ADF needle tuned to LOM is showing 10 degrees off
of LOC course then you are about 4½ nm from course. Remember that the
LOM is about 5nm from the runway end...DME is determined from the ILS or
VORTAC on the airport.
Normal rate of turn is 3 degrees per/sec
(at speeds from about 180 kts & below) Thus> IF vectoring yourself,
and you are doing 180 kts it will take 30 seconds to complete a 90 degree
turn. At 180 kts you are doing 3nm per/min.
ZERO FUEL WEIGHT is the Max wt.
your aircraft can weigh before you add fuel...to bring it up to GTOW.
This is a structural consideration.
BASIC OPERATING WEIGHT is the wt. of the
aircraft with all necessary items (crew; emerg. equip.; & fluids other
than fuel) before pax & bags & cargo & fuel are
added.
Cruise altitudes: WEST is
"EVEN" ( 4000 feet / FL 260 ) & EAST is "ODD" ( 5000
feet / FL 250 ) > This applies until you get above FL 290. At this
point, proper altitudes change every 2000 feet ( WEST = FL310 & FL 350
& FL 390 ) & (EAST = FL290 & FL330 & FL370) etc. >
The top of controlled airspace is FL600. >>> This is due to
the "standard day" barometric pressure being 29.92 inches of
mercury & 1 inch is about equal to 1000 feet of altitude > Thus, at
FL 300 you NO longer have 1000 feet required separation between
airplanes. Therefore, above FL290 the proper ATC cruise altitudes
change every 2000 feet.
TRANSITION ALTITUDES: In the
U.S.A. we use a random FL180 as the "transition altitude" for
changing over to "pressure altitude" flying ( 29.92). In
Europe ( & most overseas countries) they use "transition
altitudes" that meet ATC & terrain requirements for the area in
which you are operating. This info will be posted on your charts for
that area.